Magnetic Resonance Imaging Assessment of Articular Disc Position in Temporomandibular Disorder Subjects with various Bite Registrations

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the validity and reliability of three bite registrations on articular disc position in temporomandibular disorder patients using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Materials and Methods: Fifteen clinically symptomatic and orthodontically untreated temporomandibular disorder patients within the age range of 17–40 years (mean age: 28.5 years) were examined. Each patient was subjected to three bite registrations, namely maximum intercuspation, initial contact bite and Roth power centric bite, and evaluated with MRI. Results: On the right side, the mean vertical and horizontal measurement values of the point in the most posterior aspect of the posterior band of the articular disc in relation to horizontal reference line (HRL) and vertical reference line (VRL) in the sagittal view in the Roth power centric bite were lesser (2.720 ± 1.239 mm and 2.380 ± 1.185 mm, respectively), in comparison with the other two bites, and on the left side too, it was lesser in the Roth power centric bite (2.293 ± 0.979 mm and 2.360 ± 1.078 mm, respectively), when compared to the other two bites. Statistical analysis also showed the significance of Roth power centric bite over the other two bites. Conclusions: Favourable articular disc positional changes were observed in the Roth power centric bite followed by the initial contact bite and that maximum disc recapture was observed in most patients with the Roth power centric bite rather than in initial contact bite and maximum intercuspation positions. The Roth power centric bite could be assumed to be the ideal method for articulation and fabrication of gnathological splints for treating patients with temporomandibular disorders.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) in Mosul Hospital: A crossSectional Study - Analysis of Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Clinical Outcomes

@#Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, risk factors, and clinical outcomes of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) in Mosul Hospital, Iraq, in 2022. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was used to collect data from patients diagnosed with IBD in Mosul Hospital. A questionnaire was used to collect demographic and clinical data, including risk factors, symptoms, and treatment outcomes. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression. Results: The study included 150 participants, with a mean age of (42.5. ± years and 56% being male. Women were found to be less likely to know the type of Crohn’s disease compared to men. 58.7% of participants did not have any other diseases, while 41.3% had multiple diseases. The CH type was known for 56.8% of participants, and the average disease duration was 70.41 months, ranging from 2 to 360 months. Most participants (72.1%) did not have involvement in a particular place, while 27.9% did. All participants had known involvement. 81.8% of participants did not use drugs, while 18.2% did, with partial or unknown drug usage reported in 39 individuals. Only 7.8% of participants had IBD in their family, while 92.2% did not. Most participants (95.2%) were smokers. Conclusion: The study highlights the need for increased awareness and early detection of IBD in Mosul Hospital. The identification of risk factors and symptoms can aid in the diagnosis and management of the disease. Further research is necessary to understand the underlying causes of IBD and to develop effective prevention and treatment strategies.

Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Study on the Leaf Extract of Tapinanthus dodoneifolius (Van Teigh) Loranthaceae

Leaves of Tapinanthus dodoneifoliusis used as traditional medicine for the treatment of menstrual pain, wound, gonorrhea, and control of diarrhea and dysentery which was extracted by cold maceration in methanol. The concentrated methanol extract was subsequently partitioned with petroleum ether, chloroform, ethylacetate and n-butanol. Agar wellDiffusion method was used to determine the antimicrobial activities of the extracts against Staphylococcus aureaus,Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiela pneumonia,Salmmnella typhi, Streptococcus pyogenes, Candida krusei, Candida tropicalis,andCandida albicanat different concentrations. Antimicrobial sensitivity test indicated that,the extract inhibited the growth of all microorganisms to varying degrees except Pseudomonas aeruginosaandCandida kruseirespectively. The in vitroantimicrobial screening revealed that, the extracts exhibited diverse activities against different microbe’s concentrations ranging from 2.5mg/ml-5mg/ml. The plant extract was found to contain flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, tannins and cardiac glycosides which may be responsible for its antimicrobial properties. The result justifies the traditional use of the plant leaf in the treatment of menstrual pain, sexual transmitted diseases, wounds and control of dysentery and diarrhea Aims: This study was aimed at investigating the antihyperglycemic effect of a combined extract of Vernonia amygdalinaand croton zabensicuscompare with a hypoglycemic drug, glibenclamide.Methodology:Twenty 20 experimental animals were used (albino rats); the rats were divided equally into four groups of five rats each; namely A (control), B (glibenclamide 10mg/kg body weight), C (synergetic treatment 1000mg/kg body weight), D (synergetic treatment 500mg/kg of body weight). Diabetes was induced intraperitoneal using Alloxan Monohydrate to all the animals and their blood glucose rise above 200mg/dl.Results:It was observed that group B and group C treated with glibenclamide (10mg/kg body weight) and synergetic aqueous extract (1000mg/kg body weight) show significantdecrease in the

Combination of Obestatin and Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Prevents Aggravation of Endocrine Pancreatic Damage in Type II Diabetic Rats

One of the new promising therapies in treatment of diabetes mellitus is mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) which have an interesting therapeutic potentiality based on their paracrine effect and transdifferentiation potentiality. Also obestatin improves the generation of functional β cells/islet-like cell clusters in vitro, suggesting implications for cell-based replacement therapy in diabetes. So the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of combination of both MSCs and obestatin on an experimental model of type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Sixty male rats were divided into; group I (control group), group II (T2DM group) induced by administration of high fat diet (HFD) and injection of streptozotocin (STZ) in low dose, group III (T2DM treated with MSCs), group IV (T2DM treated with obestatin), group V (T2DM treated with MSCs and obestatin). Fasting blood glucose, C-peptide, insulin and lipid profile were measured. HOMA-IR and HOMA-β were calculated. Pancreatic expression of insulin, glucagon like peptide -1 (GLP-1) and pancreatic duodenal homeobox 1 (Pdx1) mRNA levels were measured. In addition pancreatic histological changes, insulin and Bax were analyzed by immunohistochemical examination of islets of Langerhans. Diabetic rats showed significant increase in HOMA-IR, serum glucose and lipid profile levels with significant decrease in insulin, HOMA-β, GLP-1 and Pdx1 levels. MSCs and obestatin caused significant improvement in all parameters with more significant improvement in combined therapy. The protective effects afforded by MSCs and obestatin may derive from improvement of the metabolic profile, antiapoptosis and by increase in pancreatic GLP-1and Pdx1 gene expression.

outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) due to coronavirus in Al-Ahssa Region, Saudi Arabia, 2015

Between 19 April and 23 June 2015, 52 laboratory-confirmed cases of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome due to coronavirus [MERS] were reported from Al-Ahssa region, eastern Saudi Arabia. The first seven cases occurred in one family; these were followed by 45 cases in three public hospitals. The objectives of this investigation were to describe the epidemiological characteristic of the cluster and identify potential risk factors and control measures to be instituted to prevent further occurrence of MERS. We obtained the medical records of all confirmed cases, interviewed the members of the affected household and reviewed the actions taken by the health authorities. All the cases were connected. The index case was a 62-year-old man with a history of close contact with dromedary camels; three of the seven infected family members and 18 people in hospitals died [case-fatality rate, 40.4%]. The median incubation period was about 6 days. The cluster of cases appeared to be due to high exposure to MERS, delayed diagnosis, inadequate risk communication and inadequate compliance of hospital health workers and visitors with infection prevention and control measures

Isolation, Molecular Characterisation of Polyhydroxyalkanoate Producing Novel Bacillus sp., skm7T from a Polluted Pond Water.

Bio-plastics are natural biopolymers that are synthesized and catabolised by various organisms and these materials do not cause toxic effects in the host and have certain advantages over petroleumderived plastics. The current emphasis on sustainability, eco-efficiency and green chemistry has led to intensive search for renewable and environmentally friendly resources. Thus, sustainable development is recognized to be essential for the growth of the economy and industrial productivity. A polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) producing Gram-positive, rod-shaped, motile bacterium was isolated from the polluted pond water. Strain SKM7T grew at 15–40ºC and pH 5.0–8.5 and in the presence of 0–1.5% (w/v) NaCl. The strain was catalase-positive and oxidase-positive. Antimicrobial activities were studied. The DNA G+C content was 53 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain is a member of the genus Bacillus and is most closely related to B. aryabhattai B8W22(T) (99.01%), B. megaterium IAM 13418(T) (98.86%), B. flexus IFO 15715(T) (97.80%). The sequence of the 16S rDNA gene of strain SKM-7 was determined as 1554 bp and deposited in the EMBL under accession no. LM655314. The major isoprenoid quinine was MK-7 and an unidentified glycolipid was identified. The major fatty acid are dominated by saturated iso and anteiso (anteisoC14:0, iso-C15:0, anteisoC15:0, anteisoC16::0). The phenotypic and genotypic properties clearly indicate that strain represents a novel species of the genus Bacillus. The strain produced PHA in mineral medium consisting of glucose and nitrogenous substances. The type strain is SKM7T (=KCTC 33686T).

Trend of application of world health organization control strategy of tuberculosis in Egypt

World Health Organization [WHO] control policy for tuberculosis [TB] includes Bacillus Calmette-Guerin [BCG] vaccine at birth, case detection, and treatment of cases with directly observed therapy short-course [DOTS]. This policy has been applied through the Ministry of Health and Population in Egypt for more than 30 years. The controversies about the efficacy of the BCG vaccination against TB in adults initiate some suggestions for its discontinuation from compulsory vaccinations in countries with low incidence of TB. The present work aimed to study the trend of applying the WHO control policy for TB in Egypt among the Egyptian population throughout the last 20 years [1992-2011]. The documented database of the country, bibliographic review on MEDLINE, published studies and reports, WHO and EMRO databases that covered the period from 1992 to 2011 were used in this study. The incidence rate of all forms of TB [pulmonary and extrapulmonary] dropped by 50% from 34 cases to 17 cases per 100,000 population, as well as the prevalence rate declined by 60.6% from 71 cases per 100,000 population throughout the last 20 years. Case detection and treatment success rates have increased throughout the studied period while it flat-lined over the past 6 years which may need attention. The results of this study introduce an evidence-based recommendation for continuation of the WHO TB control policy in Egypt towards elimination of the disease

Health related quality of life and psychological problems in Egyptian children with simple obesity in relation to body mass index

Obesity in childhood or adolescence could affect quality of life [QOL] There is little existing information about the health-related quality of life [HRQOL] of obese children and adolescents. To assess HRQOL and psychiatric co-morbidities in obese children and adolescents; and their relationship to body mass index [BMI]. Fifty obese children and adolescents were compared to 50 healthy age-, sex- and pubertal stage-matched non obese children and adolescents serving as controls. They were assessed by child self-report and parent proxy report using a pediatric HRQOL inventory scale, also, Children Anxiety Scale and Children Depression Inventory [CDI] were assessed. Obese children had total HRQOL score: 69.1 +/- 8.4 versus 81.1 +/- 7.8 respectively, p < 0.001 and their parents had total score: 62.9 +/- 9.5 versus 74.9 +/- 7.2 respectively, p < 0.001. Obese children reported lower health-related QOL scores in all domains than controls. BMI standard deviation score [SDS] correlated negatively with total score and all domains in child self report and parent proxy report. Anxiety [mild: 8%, moderate: 38%, severe: 54%] and depression [mild: 18%, moderate: 24%, severe: 58%] were pre-existing or diagnosed in all obese children with significant positive correlations between BMISDS and each of anxiety [r = 0.81, p < 0.01] and CDI scores [r = 0.78, p = 0.01]. BMI [OR: 5.72, 95%CI: 2.57-5.9] and waist circumference [OR:2.27, 95%CI: 1.99-5.31] SDSs were independent risk factors affecting the total QOL score Obese children and adolescents have lower health-related QOL that correlated negatively with BMI, also they are more susceptible to anxiety and depression symptoms than non obese children

Evaluation of lipid-producing yeast for biodiesel production

FUNGAL xylanase and lignin peroxidase enzymes were used as pretreatment for biobleaching of bagasse biopulping treated with mixed culture of Ophiostoma piliferum and Ceriporiopsis subvermispora SS- 33 at 27°C for one week in MV medium as static culture before the pulping with propylene glycol [PG]. Some agricultural wastes such as corn cobs, wheat bran and bagasse powder were used as a sole carbon source for xylanase production. The maximum production of fungal xylanase was attained after 7 days- fermentation period on corn cobs medium at 30°C on rotary shake flasks at 150 rpm. The enzyme production by Trichoderma reesie NRRL 6156 increased 1.17 fold as compared with that obtained by Trichoderma viride NRRL 13034.Using 10.30 IU xylanase/g bagasse biopulp, produced by Trtchoderma reesie NRRL 6156, for 4 h at 50°C was the best xylanase pretreatment which reduced klason lignin% and increased the brightness % of bagasse biopulp. The solid-state HC-LN medium supplemented with tween 60 and veratryl alcohol in addition to 10 grams of bagasse pulp was the best one for lignin peroxidase production by Phanerochaete chrvsosporium NRRL 6361, the enzyme activity of this treatment [77.75 IU/L] was higher than that obtained using semi-solid [47.75 IU/L] and liquid [36.50 IU/L] state, after 6 days incubation period. The optimum lignin peroxidase dose, for the best biobleaching of unbleached bagasse biopulp at 37°C for 8 h was 1.54 lU/g. Using these enzyme pretreatments led to increase the brightness %, breaking length and tear factor 6.7, 18.89 and 12.7 % by xylanase bleached bagasse [XBB] and 8.94 %, 34.92 and 30.82 %, by lignin peroxidase bleached bagasse [LBB], respectively. The enzyme treatment of LBB and XBB led to decrease of chlorine consumption 40% and 26.67 % as compared to control. Scanning electron microscope [SEM] of bleached bagasse pulp clearly showed fiber that exposed to enzymes treatment had a more open surface and it becomes more accessible to subsequent bleaching agents. The biologicaly pretreatment of bagasse pulp with xylanase orlignin peroxidase enzymes led to increase in the crystallinty by 11.29 and 8.3 %, respectively

in silico based comparison of drug interactions in wild and mutant human beta-tubulin through docking studies

Tubulin protein being the fundamental unit of microtubules is actively involved in cell division thus making them a potential anti-cancer drug target. In spite of many reported drugs against tubulin, few of them have started developing resistance in human beta-tubulin due to amino acid substitutions. In this study we generated three mutants [F270V, A364T and Q292E] using Modeller9v10 which were targeted with compounds from higher and lower plants along with marine isolates using iGEMDOCK2.0 to identify their residual interactions. The mutant F270V does not bring in any increase in the binding affinity in comparison with the taxol-wild type due to their conservative substitutions. However, it increases the volume of the active site. A364T mutant brings a better binding among few of the marine and higher plants isolates due to the substitution of the non-reactive methyl group with the polar residue. But this leads to reduced active site volume. Finally the mutant Q292E from epothilone binding site brings a remarkable change in drug binding in the mutants in comparison with the wild type due to the substitution of uncharged residue with the charged one. But as such there was no change in the volume of the active site observed in them. Lower plants extracts were reported to exhibit better interactions with the taxol and epothilone binding sites. Whereas marine and higher plants isolates shows significant interactions only in the wild type instead of the mutants. In addition to this, the residual substitutions were also found to alter the conformations of the active sites in mutants

MDCT with multiplanar reformation in evaluation of malignant ovarian tumors

Purpose: 10 evaluate the accuracy of multidetector CT [MDCT] with multiplanar reformation in defection and evaluation of malignant ovarian masses and to correlate the findings with histopathological results and surgery

Patient and methods: MDCT was performed to 48 patients with clinically and sonographically suspected malignant ovarian masses. All scans were performed on a 16 row CT scanner at the South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University. The axial and reformatted images were evaluated for mass detection and the relationship to adjacent structures

Results: Surgical and histopathological examination demonstrated 45 malignant ovarian masses and 3 benign ovarian masses [which excluded from our results], MDCT detected 4 metastatic cases among the malignant masses, MDCT examination of the remaining 41cases shows 92.6% accuracy in detection of ovarian masses. The sensitivity and specificity of MDCT as regared, detection of peritoneal deposits was [91.6%. 100% respectively], LN involvement was [100%, 90.6% respectively], and pelvic organ infiltration was [44%, 9.4% respectively]. Also MDCT reported 85.4% accuracy in tumor staging

Conclusion: MDCT is a highly sensitive and specific diagnostic method in evaluation of malignant ovarian masses and successfully stage the tumor in consistent with surgery and histopathology

Age estimation and sex determination from lumbar vertebral morphometry by magnetic resonance image [MRI]

Estimation of age and determination of sex are very important in forensic medicine. The present study aimed to detect the reliability of age estimation and sex determination based on lumbar vertebral measurements of some Upper Egypt population. Evaluation of the lumbar indices in 121 cases [63 males, 58 females: 26 - 48 years old] was clone. For lumbar vertebrae [L2 and L4], anterior height, central height, posterior height and anieroposierior diameter measurements [H[a], H[c], H[p] and D respectively] were performed by MRI. These measurements were used to calculate the anterior wedge index [H[a]/ H[r] the biconcavity index [H[L]/ H[p]] and the compression index [H[r]/ D]. The values of each of the three indices far both lumbar vertebrae of females were higher than those of the same vertebrae in males. The H[t]/H[p] and H./H[]r] ratios were increased by increasing age for both L2 and L4 In males and females. While, Hp/D decreased with age at L2 and L4 in females only. Regarding to changes in these indices with age, in males for L2, the value of anterior wedge index [H[a]/H[p]] was statistically significant [p

impact of the faculty of medicine, university of Gezira, innovative programme on its graduates

Programme evaluation is the collection and interpretation, through systemic and formal means, of relevant information which serves as a basis for rational judgment in decision situations. This study was conducted as part of the third programme development of the Faculty of Medicine, Gezira University 2010 - 2011. The general objective is to study the impact of the Faculty of Medicine, Gezira University, innovative programme, on its graduates. The specific objectives include the evaluation of graduates' competences in the three main areas of domain of learning, i.e. Knowledge, skills and attitude. This is a Cross-sectional Study conducted in the period from 13[th] of January to 12[th] of February 2011. The study population includes 146 consultants who have Gezira graduates training with them including house officers, medical officers and registrars. Excluded from the study all consultants who are academic staff members in the FMUG, who are Gezira graduates or who are involved in student training. A questionnaire was designed to answer the questions that address the objectives of the study covered in 32 questions, using a grading scales; 1 to 5: where 1= poor; 2= less than average, 3= average; 4= good; 5= excellent. The response rate for the questionnaire was 73% [146/210], representing 146 consultants working in 23 hospitals in 12 cities. In the overall evaluation of graduates' knowledge and cognitive abilities, graduates were rated as good to excellent in [68.3%], average in [25.12%] and poor to below average in only a minority of the graduates. In the overall evaluation of graduates' skills and competences, graduates were rated as good to excellent in [72.33%], average in [20.81%] and poor to below average in only a minority of the graduates. In the overall evaluation of attitudes and ethical standards, graduates were rated as good to excellent in the majority [84.06%]. In the overall classification, graduates were rated as good to excellent in the vast majority [82.6%], average in the minority [14.5%] and poor to below average in only a few cases. The evaluation of graduates' competences is an important element in the educational programme evaluation. These results provide evidence in favour for the innovative educational programme and can encourage other medical schools to adopt it. Further studies are needed to cover other aspects of graduates' evaluations

Knowledge, attitude and practice of Hadhramout university students about dengue fever, Al-Yemen

The study aimed to assess the knowledge, Attitude and practice of Hadhramout university students about Dengue fever [DF]. Descriptive research design was used. The study was carried out at Hadhramout University that is located in Al-Mukalla city, 4 collages were taken randomly to collect the necessary data. 679 students were chosed from the previous mentioned faculties by systematic random sample technique. Two tools were used for data collection, the first was a self administrated questionnaire sheet and the second tool was the Likert scale. The study revealed that [78.5%] of the students had a fair knowledge about the vector. The main sources of information as stated by the students were television and posters and brochures. The vast majority of students [96.3%] had adequate score of practice [>/= 60%], while [98.1%] of the students had positive attitude [>/= 60%] about DF. Low significant positive correlation between knowledge, attitude and practice of students about DF was noted. Recommendations: educational programs should be directed and organized to all students from different educational levels to increase the community participation in the combat of the disease

Bone mineral density in Kuwaiti patients with end-stage renal disease

This study compared an ethnically uniform group of end-stage renal disease [ESRD] Kuwaiti patients with a control group of healthy Kuwaiti subjects, in terms of their bone mineral density [BMD] and anthropometric measurements. Included in the study were 94 males and 129 females with a mean age of 48 +/- 10 years. Forty-five males and 53 females had ESRD. The remaining 49 males and 26 females were the control subjects. BMD was measured at total lumbar spine [L1-L4] and total left hip, using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry [HOLOGIC, QRS series, Europe, Belgium]. The data were analyzed using SPSS, version 15 [SPSS Inc., Chicago, III., USA]. The difference in BMD and the anthropometric measurements between the ESRD patients and the controls was assessed. Multivariate linear regression models were used to examine independent effects of ESRD on BMD while adjusting for relevant covariates. The ESRD patients had a lower BMD than the controls at the hip [0.81 +/- 0.11 vs. 0.92 +/- 0.16] and the spine [0.84 +/- 0.12 vs. 0.92 +/- 0.16], p< 0.001. They also had a lower body mass index [27.80 +/- 6.03 vs. 30.85 +/- 6.54; p < 0.001] and were taller [162.56 +/- 15.31 vs. 156.94 cm +/- 10.03; p < 0.01]. The reduced BMD persisted after controlling for confounding effects of sex, age and anthropometric measurements [p < 0.001]. Kuwaiti patients with ESRD had a lower BMD and, therefore, an increased risk of osteoporosis bone fractures

Effect of sleep disturbances on quality of life for patients undergoing hemodialysis program

End-stage renal disease [ESRD] is an increasing health problem worldwide, its treatments negatively affect on quality of sleep and quality of life as well. Many patients with ESRD who are undergoing chronic hemodialysis treatment suffer from sleep disturbance. Aiming to assess the factors affecting sleep disturbances among patients under hemodialysis treatment program as well as to assess the effect of sleep disturbance on quality of life among those patients. This study is a descriptive study. It was conducted in the dialysis unit in El-Minia University Hospital. The study group was a convenience sample of 100 patients, 20-50 years old, and undergoing maintenance hemodialysis program. Patients' assessment were done through using the following data collection tools: 1] a structured interview questionnaire sheet, 2] Quality of Life Index [Quality of Life Index, Dialysis Version III [QLI], 3] The Karn of sky Performance Scale] and 4] The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index [PQSI]. Results of this study showed significant positive correlation between quality of sleep and quality of life. Concluded that the patients' undergoing HD therapy sleep disturbance had a negative impact on quality of life and functional performance ability. Recommended a counseling program for those groups of patients to improve their sleep quality

Soil-parasites particularly toxocara eggs in Egypt

Soil-transmitted helminths [STHs] remain a major threat to the human health throughout the world, mostly in developing nations. Soil is usually contaminated by different parasitic stages through promiscuous defecation of man particularly children. This is more liable to occur in fields, public gardens and sides of streets or canals. Also, feces of domestic and wild animals and birds play a role in soil contamination. This study was conducted at Mansoura city and Batra village and El-Minia city and Zohra village representing the urban and rural areas of Dakahlia Governorate, Lower Egypt and Minia Governorate, Upper Egypt respectively. The most common helminthic stage presents in the soil of the two Governorates was Toxocara eggs. No ova was detected in-door yards in the urban areas, but only in the sides of streets, crop fields and fruit gardens, around houses and canal banks of both Governorates, and the highest intensity was 13-19 eggs/10 gm soil at canal banks at Zohra village, El-Minia Governorate, Upper Egypt

Knowledge and drug attitude towards neuroleptics among out-patients with schizophrenia

The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge and drug attitude towards neuroleptics among out-patients with schizophrenia. The sample included 50 schizophrenic patients attending the out-patient clinics in the Institute of Psychiatry. Ain Shams University. Three instruments were used for data collection. A structured face to face questionnaire, medication questionnaire and Drug Attitude Inventory [DAI]. Results of the study revealed that almost all the studied schizophrenic patients knew the color and routes of drugs, while almost half of them knew their name and therapeutic effects. Otherwise three fourths of the studied patients didn't know the reasons for taking these drugs. The majority of studied patients agreed with the positive attitudes concerned with feeling normal on medication and that by staying on medication they can prevent getting sick. However, the percentages of patients' agreement and disagreement regarding to taking medication on own free choice and taking medication only when being sick as negative attitudes are equal. Meanwhile, almost three fourths of the studied patients disagreed with medication makes them more tired and sluggish. Results showed also that there were highly statistically significant relations between the studied patients' knowledge related to name, dose, frequency, therapeutic effects of the drugs and their educational level. As well, there were statistically significant relations between patients' educational level and most of their positive and negative drug attitudes. In addition to there were statistically significant relations between some of the patients' knowledge and most of their positive and negative drug attitudes toward neuroleptic medications. In the light of the study results it is recommended that a special attention should be paid to schizophrenic patients while designing and implementing psycho-educational programmes to improve their overall knowledge and medical attitudes toward their medications

Trisomy 9 syndrome in a neonate with unusual features

To report a newborn infant with multiple congenital anomalies and apparent complete trisomy 9 in the blood. Review will be included. Clinical examination, TORCH screening, echocardiography, skeletal survey, ultrasound head and abdomen were done. In addition chromosomal analysis of a peripheral blood sample using GTG, CBG banding and FISH techniques were employed. Multiple congenital anomalies including craniofacial features, central nervous, cardiovascular, skeletal, gastric and urogenital systems because of chromosomal abnormality which indicated: 47, XY, inv [9] [p12; q13]+inv [9] [p12; q13] mat. Our case could be a new case of apparently complete trisomy 9 syndrome with unusual findings

[ unusual case of transitional cell carcinoma of renal pelvis presenting with brain metastases]

Transitional cell carcinoma of renal pelvis presenting with brain metastases is a very rare case which should be diagnosed and treated in order to prevent further damages. We report a rare case, who had presented with a constellation of neurological symptoms [due to multiple brain metastases], but without any urological symptoms. During evaluation of patient, we found transitional cell carcinoma [TCC] of left renal pelvis, for which palliative radical nephroureterectomy was performed. Although transitional cell carcinoma of renal pelvis presenting with brain metastases is a very rare case, but the patient was managed with gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery for the metastatic lesions. Afterward he received four cycles of paclitaxel and carboplatin chemotherapy. The patient is alive with stable disease at 32-months' follow-up